Standard Quantum Mechanics stdQM presents the following geometry of the water molecule H2O:
We see covalent (2-electron) bonds between O and H leaving O with two lone electron pairs (depicted by dots) on top of O in the picture. The resulting accumulation of negative charge on one side of O is then claimed to cause the bending by repelling the H atoms towards the other side.
- The bent or angular shape of the water (H2O) molecule is a result of the arrangement of its atoms and the distribution of electron pairs around the central oxygen atom. Water consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Oxygen has six valence electrons, and in the case of water, two of these electrons form covalent bonds with the hydrogen atoms, leaving four electrons as two lone pairs on the oxygen atom.
- According to the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory, electron pairs, whether bonding or non-bonding (lone pairs), repel each other. In water, the repulsion between the lone pairs of electrons is greater than that between the lone pairs and the bonding pairs. As a result of this increased repulsion, the two lone pairs of electrons position themselves closer together, pushing the bonding hydrogen atoms closer to each other.
- This repulsion causes a distortion in the molecule’s shape, resulting in a bent or angular geometry where the H-O-H bond angle is approximately 104.5 degrees. Therefore, the bent shape of the water molecule arises from the repulsion between the lone pairs of electrons, which affects the arrangement of the hydrogen atoms, leading to a non-linear molecular structure.


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