måndag 10 juni 2024

Chadwick: Neutron = Proton + Electron


Let me backtrack the idea explored in recent posts of neutron = proton + electron, with the electron as a negative point kernel surrounded by cloud of positive charge as a proton, as a small scale analog of a  Hydrogen atom as a proton as positive point charge surrounded by a a cloud of negative charge as electron with observed change of spatial scale of about $10^5$. 

The 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to English physicist James Chadwick for the discovery in 1932 of the neutron, described by Chadwick in his Nobel Lecture as follows:
  • The idea that there might exist small particles with no electrical charge has been put forward several times. 
  • Nernst, for example, suggested that a neutral particle might be formed by a negative electron and an equal positive charge.
  • The first suggestion of a neutral particle with the properties of the neutron we now know, was made by Rutherford in 1920. He thought that a proton and an electron might unite in a much more intimate way than they do in the hydrogen atom, and so form a particle of no net charge and with a mass nearly the same as that of the hydrogen atom. 
  • On the other hand, a structure of this kind cannot be fitted into the scheme of the quantum mechanics, in which the hydrogen atom represents the only possible combination of a proton and an electron. 
  • The first real step towards the discovery of the neutron was given by a very beautiful experiment of Mme. and M. Joliot-Curie.
We here find the idea of a neutron = proton + electron, however with the caveat that such a thing does not fit with quantum mechanics. Chadwick (1891-1974) thus had to wait to the emergence of the Standard Model in the 1960s with neutron = two down quarks + one top quark, glued together by gluons.  

But maybe the idea of neutron = proton + electron was dismissed too quickly. In any case, the binding energy of an electron kernel + surrounding proton cloud is about 0.8 MeV, to be compared with the binding energy of a Hydrogen atom as a proton kernel surrounded by an electron cloud of 13.6 eV, with a change of scale of about $0.5\times 10^5$ matching the change of spatial scale between proton and electron.  

It is possible that Chadwick would have been happy to see something like this, rather than the quark mystification of the Standard Model. What about you? 

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