CERES: No Global Warming Detected

In previous posts we have decoded the BIG BLUFF of CO2 alarmism based on fabricating evidence of a global warming effect of CO2 in large scale experimental projects such as ERBE followed by CERES designed to produce measurements of radiative fluxes. While ERBE focussed on outgoing long wave radiation OLR as one-way heat flux from the Earth + atmosphere into outer space at 3 K, which is physical heat flux, CERES has lifted the ambition to include two-way heat fluxes between different parts of the atmosphere and the Earth surface, which lack physical reality:

 

The objective of CERES is described as follows on Daily Press Febr 14 2012:

• Clouds and the Earth's Radiant System CERES is one of five earth science experiments aboard Suomi NPP, a $1.5 billion satellite NASA launched into space Oct. 28 2012 from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
• Managed at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, CERES measures the amount of sunlight that enters Earth and how much sunlight and thermal radiation is reflected back to space. The concept is known as Earth's energy budget.
• According to NASA, the sun annually provides the planet about 340 watts per square meter — roughly the energy radiated from six incandescent light bulbs. If the planet returned an equal amount of energy to space, temperatures would be constant, Loeb said.
• That is not occurring. Instead, roughly 0.8 watts per square meter stays on Earth.
• The energy is trapped by greenhouse gases, such as water vapor and carbon dioxide, that come from burning fossil fuels and other sources. Clouds also play a role; they reflect sunlight back into space and, depending on their height and thickness, prevent it from leaving the planet.
• The imbalance helps explain why global temperatures increased 1.4 degrees since last century and sea levels are rising, Loeb said.
• NASA uses computer models to summarize the images into daily and monthly reports that date back to 1985. That's when another Langley instrument, ERBE, or Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, began monitoring the planet.
• Four successive CERES instruments — the one launched in October is a fifth generation — followed, providing data used by, among others, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 
• The panel, which shared a Nobel Peace Prize with former Vice President Al Gore, wrote what many view as the definitive report on climate change.

CERES has four main objectives:

1. For climate change analysis, provide a continuation of the ERBE record of radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), analyzed using the same algorithms that produced the ERBE data.
2. Double the accuracy of estimates of radiative fluxes at TOA and the Earth's surface.
3. Provide the first long-term global estimates of the radiative fluxes within the Earth's atmosphere.
4. Provide cloud property estimates that are consistent with the radiative fluxes from surface to TOA.

CERES primary measured data are obtained as output:  

• scanning thermistor bolometer sensors which measure Earth-reflected and Earth- emitted filtered radiances in the broadband shortwave (0.3 μm - 5.0 μm), broadband total-wave (0.3 μm - >100 μm), and narrow-band water vapor window (8 μm-12 μm) spectral regions. 

We see that CERES is used to record radiative heat fluxes using sophisticated technology with the ambition to discover effects of global warming by CO2 as an radiative imbalance.  To the disappointment of the designers and users of CERES including IPCC Al Gore,  the instruments show next to nothing: An imbalance of 0.8 W/m2 out of 340 W/m2 is smaller than any thinkable measurement error. 

CERES (like LHC) thus discovers nothing, and what we can now expect is a new bigger project with more sensitive instruments with doubled accuracy with the hope of finding something which is not zero as evidence of global warming by CO2. 

This will not be cheap, but when you go to an expensive restaurant you expect to be offered something special, and so the high price and sophistication of the instrumentation can be seen as a guarantee that something will be discovered.  

BIG BLUFF: Pyrgeometer DLR as Bolometer OLR

The Earth's energy budget is surveyed by

• pyrgeometers on ground measuring downwelling longwave radiation DLR (GEWEX)
• bolometers on satellites measuring outgoing longwave radiation OLR (ERBE and CERES)

where

• DLR = heat flux from atmosphere to the Earth surface (in W/m2)
• OLR = heat flux from atmosphere into outer space at 0 K (or 3 K)

operating according to the following algebraic formulas:

• DLR  = V/K + sigma T_i^4 = DLR-Pyrgeometer Formula
• OLR = E + sigma T_i^4 = OLR-Bolometer Formula 

where 

• T_i is measured instrument temperature
• V is voltage measured by pyrgeometer sensor and K is a sensitivity coefficient
• E is heat flux measured by a bolometer thermal link.

The Bolometer Formula is obtained from Stefan-Boltzmann's Law 

•  E = sigma (T_a^4 - T_i^4)

where sigma = 5.67 x 10^-8 is Stefan-Boltzmann's constant, T_a is the bolometric temperature obtained by calibrating the bolometer against a blackbody. Defining OLR = sigma T_a^4 gives the Bolometer Formula with OLR representing the heat flux from the atmosphere into outer space as stated. 

OLR as reported by ERBE and CERES based on the OLR-Bolometer Formula is thus the heat flux from the Earth with atmosphere into outer space based on Stefan-Boltzmann's Law, and as such represents real physics: The Earth + atmosphere transforms shortwave heat energy received from the Sun into longwave heat energy which is returned to outer space as OLR.  This makes sense as true real physics.

We now turn to DLR, which we know by previous posts represents the BIG BLUFF of CO2 alarmism: The DLR-Pyrgeometer Formula seems to be an analog of the OLR-Bolometer Formula and the BIG BLUFF is now to argue that since the OLR-Bolometer Formula makes sense as an expression of Stefan-Boltzmann's Law, also the DLR-Pyrgeometer Formula makes sense. But this is not true!

The DLR-Pyrgeometer Formula is supposed to be an algebraic reformulation of  

• sigma (T_a^4 - T_i^4) = V/K with DLR = sigma T_a^4,

where sigma (T_a^4 - T_i^4) is the heat flux between the atmosphere at temperature T_a and the pyrgeometer at T_i  > T_a according to Stefan-Boltzmann's Law, as measured by the (negative) voltage V. The BIG BLUFF is to give the algebraic reformulation a physical meaning with DLR = sigma T_a^4 interpreted  as the heat flux from the atmosphere to the Earth surface. But this is not the physics:

• sigma T_a^4 is heat flux from a blackbody into outer space at 0 K.
• sigma T_a^4 is not heat flux from the atmosphere to the Earth surface because there is no such heat flux because T_a <  T_i.

We can see through the BIG BLUFF of CO2-alarmism with DLR as heat flux from the atmosphere to the Earth surface with a warming effect:

DLR is computed from a non-physical DLR-Pyrgeometer Formula which is deceptively similar to a physical OLR-Bolometer Formula, and the BIG BLUFF is to say that because OLR is real so is DLR and global warming. 

The BIG BLUFF of DLR is

• cleverly constructed with a clever mixing of OLR and DLR 
• cleverly covered up in technical documents presenting the non-physical DLR-Pyrgeometer Formula as a version of the True Stefan-Boltzmann's Law, which expresses one-way heat flux from warm to cold,  
• hiding that the DLR-Pyrgeometer Formula represents a False Stefan-Boltzmann Law expressing two-way heat flux with in particular heat flux from a cold atmosphere to a warm Earth surface in violation with the 2nd Law of thermodynamics.      

Global warming alarmism is based on DLR demonstrated by instrumental evidence as a scientific evidence of warming from "greenhouse gasses" including the trace gas CO2. But this is fabricated evidence without physics reality and so it is a BIG BLUFF. 

It is not hard to see the bluff once you understand where to look and not get diverted away from what is really happening when the trick is performed.

LB and the BIG BLUFF: Good News for Humanity

DN rapporterar idag att Lennart Bengtsson förnyar sitt stöd för IPCC, som han tidigare formulerat i KVAs uttalande om klimatvetenskap:

• Det Lennart Bengtsson förmedlar avviker inte från vad forskarkollegerna i FN:s klimatpanel kommit fram till. 

LB förtydligar för DN:

• Att koldioxid och andra växthusgaser höjer temperaturen är känt sedan över 100 år, och att människan bidrar till koldioxidhalten i atmosfären är det vid det här laget heller knappast någon som tvivlar på.
• Det är ingen tvekan om att människan har en påverkan.
• Vad vi inte är säkra på är varför uppvärmningen går så långsamt. 
• Det är möjligt att planeten kyler ned sig mer effektivt än vad vi tidigare räknat med. 

Detta är the BIG BLUFF som är grunden till koldioxid-alarmismen. Det finns ingen vetenskap som visar att spårgasen koldioxid skulle kunna påverka jordens klimat nämnvärt. LB bluffar väl medveten om att DN inte ifrågasätter koldioxid-alarmismen utom möjligen i rubriken:

• Vi skapar en väldig ängslan utan att det är befogat. 

LB vet att människan har  en påverkan, genom sina koldoxid-utsläpp, men tycker inte att ängslan är befogad, kanske därför att uppvärmingen konstigt nog "går så långsamt". 

Skall man tolka det som att LB som en modig man utan ängslan ser fram emot en kvävningsdöd i koldioxid eller som att detta med koldoxid bara är påhitt? Vad säger LB själv?  Kanske LB kan få lite vägledning av Rummukainen också i dagens DN:

• Om det visade sig att klimatkänsligheten snarare är låg än hög, är det goda nyheter.

Goda nyheter för mänskligheten, men inte för koldioxid-alarmismen och Rummukainen och LB.

PS LBs avslöjanden skapar nu svallvågor i klimatvärlden: Warming Not Noticeable without Meteorologists!

Politicised Nobel Laureate Science

An Open Letter to the American People signed by 68 Nobel Lauerates endorsed reelection of Obama
in 2012 with the following motivation (repeated in a political speech after the Nobel dinner by Chemistry Awardee Lefkowitz, see PS below):

• President Obama understands the key role science has played in building a prosperous America, has delivered on his promise to renew our faith in science-based decision making and has championed investment in science and technology research that is the engine of our economy. 
• He has built strong programs to educate young Americans in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics and programs to provide Americans the training they need to keep pace with a technology-driven economy. 
• His opponent supports a budget that, if implemented, would devastate a long tradition of support for depends, as never before, on innovation. He has also taken positions that privilege ideology over clear scientific evidence on climate change. 
• As a nation we must continue the investments that revolutionized agriculture, invented the Internet, gave us modern medicine and enabled a strong national defense. 
• Abandoning this tradition would be ways to science and innovation, we urge you to join us in working to ensure the reelection of President Obama.

We read that Obama is to be preferred before His Opponent because Obama would not (like His Opponent) take positions that: 

• privilege ideology over clear scientific evidence on climate change. 

But this statement contradicts observation: Everyone knows that in Obama's climate politics ideology privileges over clear scientific evidence, something which is questioned by His Opponent. 

The 68 Laureates thus let ideology, obviously with expectations of continued generous Democratic support to basic physics and chemistry in particular, privilege over clear scientific evidence. It is a collapse of scientific values which tells us something about our post-modern society.

The Open Letter can be seen as a shameless support of the BIG BLUFF of CO2 alarmism. And who can question the combined wisdom of 68 Nobel Lauraetes?

Compare with Science must be seen to bridge the political divide.

PS Nobel Laureate Lefkowitz told the Swedish King (starting at 3 min 50 sec) in his speech:

• We just had a presidential election in the US. One of the fought-lines in the campaign was the role of science plays in shaping public policy decisions. 
• A clear anti-science bias was apparent in many who sought the presidential nomination of one of our major political parties. 
• This was manifest as a refusal to accept, for example, the theory of evolution, the existence of global warming much less the role of humans in this process, the value of vaccines or ... stem cell research. 
• Each of us Laureates aspires in our own way to do what we can to counter this.... anti-science.     

The King was comforted by the message that all scientists (and they are many) who do not see clear evidence of anthropogenic global warming, represent anti-science and will be blocked from government science grants by Lefkowitz and his Laureate buddies acting through Obama, because this was the same message the King had from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The DLR-meter Formula behind CO2 Alarmism

In previous posts we have seen that measurements of downwelling long wave radiation DLR is standardized by WMO to be measured by a ground-based pyrgeometer equipped with a thermopile according to the following DLR-meter Formula:

• DLR = V/K + sigma T_s^4

where V is measured voltage by the thermopile, K is a sensitivity coefficient to be determined by calibration to a reference, T_s is the measured temperature of the pyrgeometer and sigma is Stefan-Boltzmann's constant. Typical values are 

•  V/K = - 100 W/m2 with V measured by the thermopile 
• sigma T_s^4 = 400 W/m2 with T_s = + 15 C
• DLR = 300 W/m2

which can be illustrated as follows:

We understand that the output of the measurement as specified by WMO is DLR = 300 W/m2, which is obtained from the measured V/K = - 100 W/m2 and the standardized sigma T_s^4 = 400 W/m2. We understand that sigma T_s^4 = 400 W/m2 represents Stefan-Boltzmann's Law for radiation of a blackbody of temperature T_s into a surrounding at 0 K as represented by the red arrow.

But the physics described by the DLR-meter Formula as pictured above, is fictional physics, because the Earth surface with the pyrgeometer is not radiating directly into outer space at 0 K since the atmosphere is in between. The standardization of DLR measurement as stipulated by WMO thus lacks physics rationale.

The blue arrow representing DLR or "back radiation" is fabricated from an unphysical False Stefan Boltzmann Law represented by the red arrow. The only real physics is the measured voltage V translated to heat flux by the sensitivity coefficient K. The black arrow is real heat flux through the DLR-meter while the red and blue arrows represent nothing but non-physical fiction.

In the history of science there is no bigger bluff. It is the BIG BLUFF feeding CO2 alarmism. It remains to explain why physicists have not identified the bluff.

It is like the CEO of the Swedish state-owned company Telia, who claims that he did not know about bribes paid by Telia to get a license in Uzbekistan, bribes which everybody knows about: Either the CEO knows way too little to run the company or he is lying. In any case he is today resigning.

To say that the Earth is flat is a minor bluff compared to the BIG red arrow BLUFF, since there is some truth to the flatness of the Earth in the sense that it is approximately true on smaller scales, while there is no truth whatsoever in the red arrow of the BIG BLUFF.

PS1 Energy Secretary Steven Chu is also leaving his position, The Washington Post reports:

• Republicans criticized Chu for a $528 million loan to Solyndra, a solar power company that is now bankrupt.

Obama said in a statement Friday, referring to billions of dollars in Energy Department loans to boost renewable energy such as wind and solar power:

• Chu brought a unique understanding of both the urgent challenge presented by climate change and the tremendous opportunity that clean energy represents for our economy.
• During his tenure, Chu helped move the country toward energy independence, Obama said,
• Thanks to Steve, we also expanded support for our brightest engineers and entrepreneurs as they pursue groundbreaking innovations that could transform our energy future.

Chu, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997, has not only been silent about the fictional physics of the BIG BLUFF, but has actively promoted CO2 alarmism based on the bluff. In a letter to Energy Department employees, Chu said he 

• was proud of his tenure and cited dozens of accomplishments, including doubling the production of renewable energy from wind and solar power. 
• Installations of solar electric systems have nearly doubled in each of the last three years, he said, while fully 42 percent of new energy capacity in the U.S. last year was from wind - more than any other energy source.

PS2 Notice that to question standarization is in a way meaningless because it is like questioning a definition, like questioning that there are 100 centimeters on a 1 meter. But when a definition is twisted into a statement about physics, a basic principle of science is violated, and such violation always has a purpose to twist the brains of people. To define DLR by formula is the first step towards CO2 alarmism with the atmosphere suddenly out of the blue by definition given the capacity to heat the Earth surface by 300 W/m2.  This is the BIG BLUFF which must be questioned. This is what Chu should have done, but did not in what can only be described as a corruption of the ideals of physics and science.

Why Modern Physicists Don't Question CO2 Alarmism

Physics can be viewed as the science of its instruments, with each instrument more or less intimately tied to the phenomen being recorded by the instrument, or the other way around. Each new particle accelerator is supposed to discover new particles, by instruments designed to discover new particles, like CMB discovered by very sensitive CMB-cameras or the Higgs discovered by the Large Higgs Collider LHC.

In classical physics there was a sharp distinction between the observer and the observed, but with the development of quantum mechanics the observer and the observed were put into the same boat, with now the observer deciding over the observed "collapse of the wave function".

In this new physics the idea of an objective reality independent of observation was given up, which opened to free invention of new phenomena made real by observation by suitable instruments.

This may explain why DLR as the scientific basis of CO2 alarmism,  which could never pass the needles eye of classical physics, was accepted by modern physicists and physics societies as it was so clearly demonstrated by DLR-meters.

Modern physicists thus allowed climate science and CO2 alarmism to grow without questioning the physics, without understanding that a cuckoo chick was put into the nest of science ready to kick out real physics. Maybe today this insight is slowly emerging...

The Birth of the BIG BLUFF of CO2 Alarmism

                          The IRIS satellite reporting outgoing longwave radiation OLR

The previous post revealed that the basic argument of CO2 alarmism in the form of "downwelling long wave radiation" DLR from the atmosphere to the Earth surface of size 300 W/m2, is supported by specific DLR-meters designed to report measurements of DLR. A DLR-meter is based on a DLR-meter Formula producing DLR from measurements of net radiation between the Earth surface and the atmosphere. 

The DLR-meter Formula was first formulated by the meteorologist Anders Ångström, chief of
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute SMHI 1949-54, when in A Study of the Radiation of the Atmosphere (1915) reporting measurements using a pyrgeometer designed by his father Knut Ångström made during expeditions to Algeria in 1912 and California in 1913 to study "nocturnal radiation to the sky" from the Earth surface:

• It was found the water vapor exerted a very marked influence on the nocturnal radiation to the sky.
• From the observations it was possible to arrive at a logically founded mathematical expression for this influence. 
• The outgoing radiation of a blackened body in the night must be regarded as the sum of several terms: the radiation from the surface toward space given by Stefan's radiation law (E_c), the radiation from the atmosphere to the surface E_a...with effective radiation: 
• J = E_c - E_a.
• If the observed effective radiation is not more than 100 W/m2 when at 15 C one has E_c ~ 400 W/m2, it must be that 300 W/m2 is radiated to the surface from some other source of radiation; in the case of the Earth this other source of radiation is probably to a large extent its own atmosphere...ignoring the fact that a small fraction of it is due to the stars and the planetary bodies.

We see here how Anders Ångström expresses net "effective" radiation as the difference of two gross quantities:  

• E_c = sigma T_s^4 radiation from surface to outer space (according to Stefan-Boltzmann bypassing the atmosphere)
• E_a radiation from the atmosphere to the surface ("back radiation")

What Ångström wanted to measure was E_a, by measuring J by the pyrgeometer and reporting

• E_a = J + sigma T_s^4 = DLR-meter Formula.

Notice that Anders Ångström introduced E_c as the radiation from the surface to outer space according to Stefan-Boltzmann, which however has no physical meaning since the surface is in radiative contact with the atmosphere and not directly with outer space at 0 K.

Ångström claimed that the outgoing radiation E_a "must be regarded" to satisfy E_c - E_a = J and thus E_a = J + sigma T_s^4. But this "must be" lacks physics rationale, which is evident from the fact that Ångström offered no motivation other than "must be" which is no motivation. 

Ångström thus introduced the non-physical quantity E_c and then from this non-physical quantity constructed another non-physical quantity E_a = J + E_c, by measuring the physical quantity J.

The scientific mistake committed by Anders Ångström is so elementary that it has not been identified as an error but instead has come to serve CO2 alarmism as the prime evidence of massive warming of about 300 W/m2 of the Earth surface by the atmosphere. 

To understand that the DLR-meter Formula lacks physics rationale is in principle simple, since it only requires to understand that the quantity E_c as the radiation from the Earth surface to outer space lacks physical meaning, because the atmosphere is between the Earth surface and outer space. 

But to understand how it is possible that the elementary mistake by the meteorologist Anders Ångström has not been identified during 100 years of modern physics, is more difficult. 

It seems that meteorology in its birth in the beginning of the 20th century from thermodynamics and radiation physics, was searching for a place in science and found this by inventing specific instruments for measuring specific phenomena such as "nocturnal radiation to the sky". This strategy is today taken to its extreme by massive measurements of DLR coordinated and standardized by the World Meteorological Organization WMO. Climate science is this way made into the King of Sciences but

• Pride goeth before a fall.

The discovery that the King is naked is imminent.

The BIG BLUFF of CO2 Alarmism: DLR

Inside this building the False Stefan-Boltzmann Law of two-way radiative heat transfer underlying CO2 alarmism was fabricated.

The road to CO2 alarmism paved by IPCC is covered with fabricated stories of hockey-stick temperatures, melting glaciers and suffering ice-bears. But these stories can be viewed as minor bluffs compared to the BIG BLUFF of "Downwelling Longwave Radiation DLR" as radiation from "greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere with a proclaimed warming effect of the Earth surface of about 300 W/m2, almost twice as much as the 170 W/m2 of absorbed shortwave radiation from the Sun, and a specific "radiative forcing" of about 3.7 W/m2 from doubled CO2 with an alarming warming of 3 C.

The BIG BLUFF is documented in Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation (2008) issued by World Meteorological Organization WMO by the stipulation to measure DLR = L-arrowdown using a DLR-meter (pyrometer, bolometer, radiometer) as follows:

• DLR = V/K + sigma x T_s^4 = DLR-meter Formula

where sigma = 5.67 10^-8 is Stefan-Boltzmann's constant, T_s is measured temperature of the DLR-meter, V is the voltage reading of the thermopile as the effective recording element of the DLR-meter and K is a sensitivity coefficient determined by calibration, as expressed in the following excerpts from Chapter 7 of the Guide:

The DLR-meter Formula has a the form

• DLR = sigma T_a^4 = V/K + sigma T_s^4 = Net-Input + ULR
• ULR = sigma T_s^4 = "Upwelling Longwave Radiation" from the DLR-meter
• DLR = sigma T_a^4 = "Downwelling Longwave Radiation" from the atmosphere
• Net-Input = V/K = net absorbed radiation by the DLR-meter 

which is supposed to be a reformulation of Stefan-Boltzmann's Law 

• Net-Input = sigma (T_a^4 - T_s^4) = True Stefan-Boltzmann Law

of the form

• Net-Input = sigma T_a^4  -  sigma T_s^4 = False Stefan Boltzmann Law,
• sigma T_a^4 = Net-Input + sigma T_s^4  = False Stefan Boltzmann Law, 

obtained by algebraic reformulation of the True Stefan-Boltzmann Law. But the seemingly innocent algebraic reformulation leads to a False Stefan-Boltzmann Law, because the algebra has no physical meaning: 

To rewrite Net-Input as the difference of the gross quantities sigma T_a^4 and sigma T_s^4 has no physical meaning, since sigma T_a^4 is the radiance from the atmosphere into a surrounding at 0 K and sigma T_s^4 is the radiance from the DLR-meter into a surrounding at 0 K, and this is not the physics of the interaction between atmosphere and DLR-meter described by sigma (T_a^4 - T_s^4) according to the True Stefan-Boltzmann Law.

WMO refers to a False Stefan-Boltzmann Law expressing simultaneous two-way heat transfer between
two bodies in radiative contact, gross heat transfer from warm minus gross heat transfer from cold,
while the True Stefan-Boltzmann Law expresses one-way net heat transfer from warm to cold. 

WMO thus prescribes to use of a False Stefan-Boltzmann Law when measuring DLR and thus fabricates physics, which is false physics. The bluff in giving the unphysical algebraic reformulation of the True Stefan-Boltzmann Law, a physical meaning as DLR measured by DLR-meters, has such big dimension that it has become a truth not questioned by even strong critics of CO2-alarmism. 

This means that critics of CO2 alarmism have been diverted to focus efforts on revealing little lies, while the BIG BLUFF has been left free to fool the world that massive DLR from greenhouse gases with "radiative forcing" of 3.7 W/m2 of doubled CO2, is threatening to over-heat the globe. 

That it is a False Stefan-Boltzmann Law, obtained by a non-physical algebraic manipulation of the True  Stefan-Boltzmann Law, which underlies CO2 alarmism, is so unbelievable, that it has become a truth, like a bluff poker bet which so high that it cannot be matched. The bet is maintained by requirements of universal calibration in the hands of WMO, which effectively makes it impossible to question the false physics:

• These instruments should be calibrated at national or regional calibration centres by using black- body calibration units. Experiments using near-black-body radiators fashioned from large hollowed blocks of ice have also met with good success. The calibration centre should provide information on the best method of determining the atmospheric irradiance from a pyrgeometer depending upon which of the above recommendations are being followed. 

The fact that in our time a False Stefan-Boltzmann Law by universal calibration can be twisted into a true physical law, can only be understood as an exodus of physicists from physics.

The concept of "man-made" global warming as evidenced by DLR-meters is by WMO taken to an unprecedented level in the history of science by 

• promoting cooperation in the establishment of networks for making meteorological, climatological, hydrological and geophysical observations, as well as the exchange, processing and standardization of related data, and assisting technology transfer, training and research..

To understand that this is a BIG BLUFF requires understanding of the True Stefan-Boltzmann Law which can only be properly understood by understanding the elements of its mathematical proof.  A proof of the True Stefan-Boltzmann Law and a further discussion of the False Stefan-Boltzmann Law, is presented in Mathematical Physics of Blackbody Radiation and in Computational Blackbody Radiation from Slaying the Sky Dragon.

The BIG BLUFF of DLR is so cleverly concocted that even clever critics like Lindzen, Singer, Monckton, Spencer,  WUWT and many others, have been been fooled.

PS Here is the terminology postulated by WMO with an abundance of symbols with arrows up and down supposedly representing (non-physical) two-way heat transfer in "downward" and "upward" radiation:

Recall that to make a lie convincing, make it big and make incredible; the bigger and the more incredible, the more convincing: To motivate the Iraq war, Bush presented evidence that Saddam was in possession of weapons of mass destruction, like long-distance rockets with nuclear heads ready to be launched, and the utter improbability of anything like that made the lie into a truth which could be used to start a war. WMO is now using the big improbable story about DLR to motivate a war on climate.

Notice that what WMO effectively does is to rewrite 0 = 1 - 1 and then use algebra to get 1 = 0 + 1 or DLR =  Net + ULR with DLR = 1, Net = 0, and ULR = 1, which miraculously generates DLR = 1 from observing Net = 0, or DLR = 10 by rewriting 0 = 10 - 10, or DLR = 100....

The innovative idea of creating values from nothing has created fictional financial markets, which we now see imploding under the weight of realities, and fictional science will also eventually meet reality.

Mr Double-Speak LB Repeats a Zero Message

Mr Double-Speak Lennart Bengtsson uppmärksammas på Uppsalainitiativet för sin slutreplik på DN Debatt om global uppvärmning, där LB skriver:

• Vi bedömer att sannolikheten är låg för en temperaturökning på fyra grader då flera studier under senare år pekar mot en mindre klimatkänslighet än vad som antogs i IPCC-rapporten från 2007.
• Men redan en ökning på 2-3 grader motiverar kraftfulla motåtgärder.
• Det betyder en ökad sannolikhet för att vi genom utsläppsbegränsningar ska kunna undvika att jordens medeltemperatur stiger med mera än två grader. 
• .... vi menar ... att man måste undvika bristfälligt underbyggda påståenden. 
• Även en befarad uppvärmning till år 2100 på 2-3 grader ger ett fullgott skäl för att vidta kraftfulla motåtgärder.

LB hyllas även på Stockholmsinitiativet för sin insiktsfulla balanserade hållning till stöd för IPCC: LB tror inte på 4 graders uppvärming, men befarar 2-3 grader vilket är "fullgott skäl" för "kraftfulla motåtgärder" dvs "utsläppsbegränsningar"som "ska kunna undvika att jordens medeltemperatur stiger med mer än 2 grader". 

En befarad global uppvärmning om 2 grader skulle alltså med "kraftfulla motåtgärder" kunna begränsas till en uppvärmning om högst 2 grader. Men är det verkligen meningsfullt med "kraftfulla motåtgärder", som ju kostar mycket pengar, om effekten skulle vara så obetydlig?

Skulle det inte se bättre ut med en befarad uppvärmning om 4 grader, som med "kraftfulla motåtgärder" skulle kunna begränsas till 2 grader? Eller hur LB?

Lapse Rate by Gravitation: Loschmidt or Boltzmann/Maxwell?

Will an atmosphere under the action of gravity assume a linear temperature profile with slope equal to the dry adiabatic lapse rate? Loschmidt said yes, while Boltzmann and Maxwell claimed that the atmosphere would be isothermal. Graeff (2007) has made experiments supporting Loschmidt and so it is natural to seek a theoretical explanation. 

Consider a horizontal closed insulated tube filled with still air at uniform temperature. Let the tube be turned into an upright position. Alternatively, we may consider a vertical tube with gravitation gradually being turned on from zero, or a horizontal tube being rotated horizontally starting from rest. During increasing gravitational force the air will be compressed and knowing that compression of air causes heating, we expect to see a temperature increase. How big will it be? Well, the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics states that under adiabatic and isentropic transformation (no external heat source and no turbulent dissipation):

• c_vdT + pdV =0   

where c_v is heat capacity of air under constant volume, dT is change of temperature T, p is pressure and dV is change of volume V. Recalling the differentiated form of the gas law pV = RT with R a gas constant

• pdV + Vdp = RdT

and the equilibrium equation in still air with x a vertical coordinate 

• dp = -g rho dx or Vdp = - gdx

where g is the gravity constant, rho = 1/V is density, we find

• (c_v + R) dT = -gdx or c_p dT/dx = - g, 

where c_p = c_v + R is heat capacity under constant pressure.

We thus find still air solutions with a dry adiabatic lapse rate dT/dx= - g/c_p = - g with c_p = 1 for air, as a consequence of compression by gravitation, using

1. work by compression stored as heat energy
2. pressure balancing gravity (hydrostatic balance).

A corresponding family of stationary still air solutions is given by (assuming x = 0 corresponds to the bottom of the tube):

• p(x) ~ (1 - gx)^(a+1)
• rho(x) ~ (1 - gx)^a
• T(x) ~ (1 - gx)

with a >0 a constant. In the absence of heat conduction such solutions may remain as stationary still air solutions. We thus find support of Loschmidt's conjecture of still air solutions with the dry adiabatic lapse rate, in the absence of heat conduction. In the presence of (small) heat conduction, it appears that a (small) external source will be needed to maintain the lapse rate. Of course, in planetary atmospheres external heat forcing from insolation is present.

Returning the tube to a horizontal position would in the present set up without turbulent dissipation, restore the isothermal case. Turning the tube upside down from the vertical position would then establish a reverse lapse rate passing through the horizontal isothermal case.

Further, it seems that without heat source, the isothermal case of Boltzmann/Maxwell will take over under the action of heat conduction, with p(x) ~ exp( - cx) and rho(x) ~ exp ( - cx) with c>0 a constant.  

For the Euler/Navier-Stokes equations for a compressible gas subject to gravitation, see Computational Thermodynamics and the chapter Climate Thermodynamics in Slaying the Sky Dragon.